The Staatsgalerie's collection comprises works from 700 years of art history: 5,500 paintings and sculptures, 250,000 works on paper and up to 250,000 archival documents from the artists' estates.

In its art archives, the Staatsgalerie preserves central bequests on art and art history. These are currently the Oskar Schlemmer archive, the Grohmann archive, the Fluxus archive of the collector Hanns Sohm and the estate of Adolf Hölzel.